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PROTOCOL GUIDELINES
While many RF solutions impose data formatting and balancing requirements,
Linx RF modules do not encode or packetize the signal content in any manner.
The received signal will be affected by such factors as noise, edge jitter, and
interference, but it is not purposefully manipulated or altered by the modules.
This gives the designer tremendous flexibility for protocol design and interface.
Despite this transparency and ease of use, it must be recognized that there are
distinct differences between a wired and a wireless environment. Issues such as
TYPICAL APPLICATIONS
Below is an example of a basic remote control transmitter utilizing the KH2
Series transmitter. When a key is pressed on the transmitter, a corresponding
line on the receiver goes high. A schematic for the receiver / decoder circuit may
be found in the KH2 Series Receiver Data Guide. These circuits are
implemented in the KH2 Series Basic Evaluation kit. They can be easily modified
for custom applications and clearly demonstrate the ease of using the KH2
Series modules for remote control applications.
interference and contention must be understood and allowed for in the design
process. To learn more about protocol considerations, we suggest you read Linx
VCC
VCC
S W0
Application Note AN-00160.
R1
1
GND/LADJ
ANT
24
Errors from interference or changing signal conditions can cause corruption of
the data packet, so it is generally wise to structure the data being sent into small
packets. This allows errors to be managed without affecting large amounts of
data. A simple checksum or CRC could be used for basic error detection. Once
an error is detected, the protocol designer may wish to simply discard the corrupt
data or implement a more sophisticated scheme to correct it.
VCC
S W- S PDT
S W1
S W- S PDT
0 OHM
GND
VCC
GND
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
D0
D1
GND
VCC
TE
D2
D 3
GND
A9
A 8
A7
A6
A5
A4
2 3
22
21
20
19
1 8
17
GND
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
20
19
1 8
17
16
15
14
1 3
12
11
S W-DIP-10
INTERFERENCE CONSIDERATIONS
The RF spectrum is crowded and the potential for conflict with other unwanted
sources of RF is very real. While all RF products are at risk from interference, its
9
10
11
12
D4
D5
D6
D7
A 3
A2
A1
A0
16
15
14
1 3
GND
effects can be minimized by better understanding its characteristics.
Interference may come from internal or external sources. The first step is to
TXE-xxx-KH2
eliminate interference from noise sources on the board. This means paying
careful attention to layout, grounding, filtering, and bypassing in order to
eliminate all radiated and conducted interference paths. For many products, this
is straightforward; however, products containing components such as switching
power supplies, motors, crystals, and other potential sources of noise must be
approached with care. Comparing your own design with a Linx evaluation board
can help to determine if and at what level design-specific interference is present.
External interference can manifest itself in a variety of ways. Low-level
R2
VCC
GND
CR20 3 2 3 V LITHIUM
VCC
+ C1
10 u F
GND
interference will produce noise and hashing on the output and reduce the link’s
100K
GND
overall range.
High-level interference is caused by nearby products sharing the same
frequency or from near-band high-power devices. It can even come from your
own products if more than one transmitter is active in the same area. It is
important to remember that only one transmitter at a time can occupy a
frequency, regardless of the coding of the transmitted signal. This type of
interference is less common than those mentioned previously, but in severe
cases it can prevent all useful function of the affected device.
Although technically it is not interference, multipath is also a factor to be
understood. Multipath is a term used to refer to the signal cancellation effects
that occur when RF waves arrive at the receiver in different phase relationships.
This effect is a particularly significant factor in interior environments where
objects provide many different signal reflection paths. Multipath cancellation
results in lowered signal levels at the receiver and, thus, shorter useful distances
for the link.
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Figure 11: Basic Remote Control Transmitter
The ten-position DIP switch is used to set the address to either ground or
floating. Since the floating state is a valid state, no pull-up resistors are needed.
The data lines are pulled high by momentary pushbuttons. Since the floating
state is interpreted as a low by the decoder, no pull-down resistors are needed.
Diodes are used to pull the TE line high when any data line goes high, while
isolating the data lines from each other. This will make the transmitter send data
when any button is pressed without affecting any of the other data lines.
The KH2 Series transmitter / encoder module is also suitable for use with the
Linx OEM function receivers. These receivers are FCC certified, making product
introduction extremely quick. Information on these products can be found on the
Linx website at www.linxtechnologies.com.
Page 9
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